The Slaugterhouse Cases: Regulation, Reconstruction, and the Fourteenth Amendment FROM THE PUBLISHER
The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1868, sought to protect the rights of the newly freed slaves; but its first important test did not arise until five years later. When it did, it centered on a vitriolic dispute among the white butchers of mid-Reconstruction New Orleans. The rough-and-tumble world of nineteenth-century New Orleans was a sanitation nightmare, with the city's many slaughterhouses dumping animal remains into neighboring backwaters. When Louisiana finally authorized a monopoly slaughterhouse to bring about sanitation reform, many butchers felt disenfranchised from their livelihoods. Framing their case as an infringement of fundamental rights protected by the new amendment, they flooded the lower courts with nearly 300 suits. The surviving cases that reached the U.S. Supreme Court pitted the butchers' right-to-labor against the state's "police power" to regulate public health. The result was a controversial and long-debated decision that for the first time addressed the meaning and import of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Speaking for the slim majority in the Court's 5-4 decision, Justice Samuel F. Miller upheld the state's actions as a fair use of its "police power." Of much greater import, however, was Miller's finding that the Fourteenth Amendment was intended exclusively as a means of protecting and redressing the suffering of former slaves. The result was a very restricted interpretation of the "privileges and immunities," "due process," and "equal protection" clauses of the new amendment. Accustomed to a very limited federal presence in the states, the Court refused to allow the broad terms of a single amendment to alter the existing balance of power between the states and the federal government. In striking contrast, the minority, represented most notably by Justice Stephen Field, claimed that the Fourteenth Amendment had been intended to apply to all Americans, not just former slaves. In particular, the minority contended, it guaranteed the New Orleans butchers a right to equal treatment in the exercise of the police power. The position of the dissenters foreshadowed an aggressive use of the Court's power in the protection of fundamental rights in the future. In The Slaughterhouse Cases, Labbe and Lurie take a much needed look at a landmark decision that has been far more cited than closely studied. Engagingly written and insightfully argued, the book provides the most complete analysis yet of this controversial Supreme Court decision, fills a major gap in American history, law, and politics, and sets the standard for all future discussions on the subject.
FROM THE CRITICS
Library Journal
Labbe, an expert on Louisiana law, and Lurie (history & law, Rutgers Univ.) examine an 1869 enactment of the Louisiana legislature that was contested in the state's lower courts and ultimately upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. This enactment called for all of the slaughterhouses in New Orleans to be consolidated and relocated to a cleaner location; the city's butchers roundly protested, citing in defense the Fourteenth Amendment. Ordinarily, such issues would be simple matters of economics and government regulation, but the dispute took place during the Reconstruction, a time of radical political change. The authors adeptly explain the historical ramifications and legal implications of the legal challenge launched by the butchers, focusing on twin aspects central to the resolution of the dispute: the forceful and activist role of Associate Justice Samuel F. Miller in reasserting a stronger sense of the Supreme Court's pivotal role in the federal government, as well as the new imperative by 1873 to address controversial issues of constitutional law arising from the recent passage of the so-called Reconstruction Amendments. The authors' comprehensive analysis makes up a critical chapter in the ongoing evolution of constitutional protections and rights of U.S. citizens. Highly recommended for academic, law, and public libraries.-Philip Y. Blue, New York State Supreme Court Criminal Branch Law Lib., First Judicial Dist., New York Copyright 2004 Reed Business Information.
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