Einstein's Clocks, Poincare's Maps: Empires of Time FROM THE PUBLISHER
Clocks and trains, telegraphs and colonial conquest: the challenges of the late nineteenth century were an indispensable real-world background to the enormous theoretical breakthrough of relativity. And two giants at the foundations of modern science were converging, step by step, on the answer: Albert Einstein, a young, obscure German physicist experimenting with measuring time using telegraph networks and with the coordination of clocks at train stations; and the renowned mathematician Henri Poincare, president of the French Bureau of Longitude, mapping time coordinates across continents. Each found that to understand the newly global world, he had to determine whether there existed a pure time in which simultaneity was absolute or whether time was relative.
The historian of science Peter Galison has culled new information from rarely seen photographs, forgotten patents, and unexplored archives to tell the fascinating story of two scientists whose concrete, professional preoccupations engaged them in a silent race toward a theory that would conquer the empire of time.
SYNOPSIS
At the beginning of the 20th century, just as industry and government were anticipating the immanent coordination of time around the globe, says Galison (history of science and of physics, Harvard U.), the notion of time and the ability to coordinate two clocks at a distance, were being demolished in the nexus of physics, technology, and philosophy. Annotation ©2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
FROM THE CRITICS
The New York Times
Galison demonstrates convincingly and in riveting detail how that ''opalescent'' question of 1900, standard time and precise longitudes, was the reference frame for both Poincare and Einstein. His book is more than a history of science; it is a tour de force in the genre -- science writing -- that [Poincare's] Science and Hypothesis helped invent. With polymathic zest, Galison explains the century-old but still confusing special theory of relativity through the cultural history of technology. Technology's history has long been a royal road to ''hard'' science for the nonmathematical reader; but readers of Galison will be persuaded that both Einstein and Poincare arrived at their deconstruction of 19th-century physics by following that same road.
— William R. Everdell
Publishers Weekly
Harvard historian of science Galison approaches our understanding of time at the beginning of the 20th century through two related dimensions. The first, extremely practical perspective focuses on our ability to accept a common definition of time at various locations. Before our current system of time zones existed, time was a local construct, making it extremely difficult to coordinate events, have trains run smoothly or determine longitude. The second, far more theoretical perspective deals with the basic laws of physics and addresses the question: is time absolute or relative? Galison focuses his narrative through the eyes of the two scientists most responsible for crafting our present understanding of time, Albert Einstein and Henri Poincar . While Einstein needs no introduction, the less well-known Poincar does. He was one of the world's most renowned mathematicians and president of the French Bureau of Longitude. Galison explains how, in the case of each of these scientists, the practical dimension helped shape their understanding of the theoretical dimension, and, in turn, how they helped transform the world. Although Galison's material is of great interest, his writing is often obtuse and overly technical, making the book's ideas less accessible to a general audience. 46 illus. (Aug.) Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.
Library Journal
At the beginning of this book, Galison, a Harvard-based historian of science, notes that relativity theory starts with a concern for the definition of time-what do we mean by time and by the notion of simultaneity? Einstein and his contemporary, Henri Poincare, a brilliant polymath, both answered that time is properly defined by rigorous descriptions of measurement methodology and procedures for comparing the time at different, separated locations. They also set aside the metaphysical Newtonian concept of "absolute time" flowing serenely onward independent of merely human measurement systems. Galison argues that Einstein and Poincar had more to work with than just ivory-tower theorizing. He documents how both men were deeply involved with the technical and practical issues of time measurement that were being addressed in the "real world" of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Einstein used telegraph networks and train station clocks to experiment with time; Poincar mapped global time coordinates. Galison writes with a cheery enthusiasm that enlivens a rather arcane subject. Strongly recommended for academic and large public libraries.-Jack W. Weigel, Ann Arbor, MI Copyright 2003 Reed Business Information.
Kirkus Reviews
An argument that Einstein's theory of relativity was no stroke of genius but, rather, a logical development of ideas already in the air. The problem of synchronizing timepieces was a preoccupation of many turn-of-the-century scientists, writes Galison (History of Science/Harvard; Image and Logic, not reviewed), and notable among them was Henri Poincarﾽ, head of the French Bureau of Longitude. The growth of railroad networks and of the modern military made standardized time an issue of sweeping importance; the Franco-Prussian war had been decided largely by the German ability to mobilize its forces and deliver them to the front by rail. In addition, the creation of accurate maps depended critically on comparing the local time of astronomical events with the time at a standard location; accurate, synchronized clocks were essential. Poincarﾽ, a product of the French ﾽcole Polytechnique, was trained to consider a scientific subject for both its practical and theoretical implications, an orientation reinforced by his work on longitude. Several of Poincarﾽ's publications argue against the idea of absolute time, a point that would be a central issue in the relativity theory. Nor was Einstein a pure theoretician; his work at the Swiss patent office required evaluating inventions of all sorts, and a number of chronometers and techniques for electronic synchronization went through the office during his tenure there. In fact, the "crowning step" in Einstein's 1905 formulation of special relativity appears to have been an insight on the synchronization of clocks. Galison is careful to list the key differences between Einstein's and Poincarﾽ's descriptions of time and space, but his key point seemsclear: the theory of relativity was up for grabs, and Poincarﾽ came close to capturing it well before Einstein. A richly detailed account of the interplay of scientific and technical issues at the beginning of the modern era.
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